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Before and after Daoud Khan's 1973 coup, various leftist revolutionaries and reformists sought a presence in the nation's political consciousness. From Babrak Karmal's Parcham ("Flag”) party and its eponymous newspaper to Akhbar Hafta, a popular weekly magazine published during the final days of Najibullah's regime, print newspapers and magazines helped Afghan leftists communicate their ideas to literate audiences in urban centers.