Arising in response to the brutality and lawlessness of the Afghan civil war, the Taliban consolidated forces under the leadership of Mullah Omar in Kandahar circa 1994. Extolling strict adherence to the Koran as the key to social order, the group successfully fought the remaining Mujaheddin factions for control of the country in 1996. Until they were toppled by American forces in December 2001, the Taliban regularly issued newspapers and magazines that chronicled their military and political ascent, promoted Islamic virtue, and reinforced Sharia law.